Tag: Featured Articles

The independence of Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs) is widely recognized as a cornerstone of effective public oversight. The Lima Declaration¹ (INTOSAI P-1) emphasized that SAIs “can only accomplish their tasks objectively and effectively if they are independent of the audited entity and protected against outside influence.” Building on this principle, the Tribunal de Contas do Estado de Goiás (TCE-GO), Brazil’s state-level Court of Accounts, has invested in transforming the fundamental principles of ISSAIs into concrete operational routines. This effort has aimed not only at raising methodological quality but also at safeguarding independence in practice, ensuring that oversight activities remain resistant to political, economic, and institutional pressures.

Since its adoption in 2007, the Mexico Declaration on SAI Independence has been a landmark in strengthening the independence of Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs) worldwide. By codifying eight principles, it established a global consensus: independence is essential for credible public audit.

Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs) are pivotal in safeguarding public resources, ensuring that governments are held accountable and fostering transparency in the management of public funds. A key to fulfilling this role is their independence from undue external influence, which allows them to perform audits with objectivity and credibility. As emphasized by INTOSAI’s guidance, SAIs operate most effectively when shielded from interference, allowing them to properly strategize, acquire necessary information, and report findings without restrictions (INTOSAI, 2019). Political influence, budgetary constraints, and limited access to records can undermine audit quality and public trust. This article examines how the General Court of Audit (GCA) of Saudi Arabia has successfully navigated challenges to its independence through robust legal frameworks and disciplined execution, offering practical insights that other SAIs can adopt to reinforce independence and thereby enhance governance and public confidence.

In my role as the Auditor General for Western Australia, independence is not just a concept but a practice that underpins every audit we conduct. This independence ensures that our audits are conducted without influence or interference, thereby maintaining the trust and confidence of the Parliament and the community.

The independence of Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs) has long been recognized as a fundamental principle for ensuring the credibility and effectiveness of public sector auditing. Since the adoption of the Lima Declaration in 1977, the global consensus has been clear mentioning SAIs cannot fulfill their oversight mandate effectively without a high degree of independence, both formally guaranteed and practically exercised. Independence serves not only a technical function but also carries normative significance, as it underpins the accountability of governments to citizens and contributes to the broader goal of strengthening institutions as articulated in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, particularly Goal 16 on peace, justice, and strong institutions.

The independence of Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs) is fundamental to ensuring accountability, transparency, and good governance in the public sector. For SAI Fiji, this principle has been at the heart of a long and determined journey to modernize the legislative framework guiding its work. The enactment of the Audit Act 2025 marks a historic milestone, one that reflects perseverance, collaboration, and commitment to safeguarding the independence of Fiji’s Office of the Auditor General.  The Audit Act 2025 came into force in May 2025.

Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs) are crucial for good governance, accountability, and transparency. In Bhutan, the Royal Audit Authority (RAA) audits public resources, with its effectiveness critically dependent on independence amidst political, economic, or institutional pressures. This article examines SAI Bhutan’s real-world experiences, highlighting its successes in safeguarding independence and the persistent challenges it faces, drawing insights from official publications, peer reviews, and specific audit cases.

The 1997 constitutional and legal enactments stand as a defining event in the history of the Maltese National Audit Office, which originated as an auditing department within the public service. This historical date is comparable to the founding of the former Department of Audit, established by the first British Governor of Malta, Sir Thomas Maitland, back in 1814, and the grant of elementary constitutional protections to the Director of Audit when Malta became an independent state in 1964.  To commemorate this important milestone in 2022, amongst other initiatives, the National Audit Office of Malta (NAO) issued a scholarly book entitled ‘State Audit in Times of Transition – Reflections on Change and Continuity, Challenge and Opportunity from Malta and Beyond’. Edited by Professor Edward Warrington, it includes a collection of studies that essentially reflect on the past and present with an eye to our institution’s future.  This article is based on the introduction to this book that is accessible on our website (State-Audit-in-Times-of-Transition).

The principle of independence is the cornerstone of credible public sector auditing. Foundational documents, as the Lima Declaration (INTOSAI 1977) the Mexico Declaration (INTOSAI 2007), and landmark United Nations General Assembly resolutions, including A/RES/66/209 (2011), A/RES/69/228 (2014), and the political declaration from the special session against corruption, A/S-32/L.1 (2021), support a global consensus that strong, independent SAIs are essential pillars of democratic accountability and public trust.

Independence is what Supreme Audit Institutions need to fulfill their vital role of promoting transparency and accountability in public administration. Yet it is often jeopardized by political interference. What are the most effective strategies for safeguarding it? Research suggests that we may have some misconceptions about the effectiveness of existing measures in this crucial area.

The Supreme Audit Institution (SAI) of Cyprus hosted a High Level event on European Union (EU) SAIs Independence in Pafos on October 15th 2024, with keynote speakers from the European Commission, the INTOSAI Development Initiative (IDI), the Support for Improvement in Governance and Management (SIGMA)/ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the House of Representatives of the Republic of Cyprus.  The event was attended by 21 SAIs of the European Union and 5 SAIs of Candidate and potential Candidate countries.   The purpose of the event was for SAIs to reaffirm their commitment to safeguard their independence, address challenges that could pose a threat to it and discuss possible solutions.  

Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs) are a cornerstone for public financial management and good governance. Being able to work independently is necessary for transparency, accountability, and the good use of public resources. The World Bank considers that SAI independence is not only a legal or technical aspiration but also a developmental necessity. SAIs’ mandate is to build trust in the public, hold governments accountable, and contribute to national development goals, particularly Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 16 on peace, justice, and strong institutions (United Nations, 2015). But they cannot do these things if they are not fully independent. 

The INTOSAI Strategic Plan for 2023-2028 identifies advocacy for and support of the independence of Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs) as a central priority. It highlights how INTOSAI promotes and supports SAIs’ efforts to improve and protect their independence to enable SAIs to fulfil their mandate to the benefit of citizens. 

Across Africa, the independence of Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs) faces growing pressure. Political transitions, fiscal crises, and governance challenges have, in some cases, led to attempts to limit the authority of SAIs, restrict access to resources, or interfere with the tenure of Auditors General. Such threats undermine not only the credibility of SAIs but also their ability to deliver impartial audits that safeguard public funds and strengthen trust in government. In this context, legislative, administrative, and financial independence is not a theoretical aspiration; it is a practical necessity for SAIs to fulfil their constitutional mandates without fear or favor.

Amid today’s complex political climate, low public trust in institutions, and tighter government budgets, the independence of Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs) becomes more relevant than ever in ensuring that governments manage public funds openly, efficiently and for the benefit of citizens. However, both the Organisation for Economic Development (OECD) and the INTOSAI Development Initiative (IDI) have found that SAIs face major – and sometimes increasing – obstacles. These challenges are not just legal, but also practical—especially in their relationships with executive and legislative branches.

Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs) have a vital role for public sector accountability, integrity, and transparency. To fulfill their role and build trust between the organs of the state and society, SAIs need to be independent. 

A long road has been travelled by INTOSAI since its first Congress in Cuba in 1953. Its ongoing existence shows the enduring value of external auditing and that INTOSAI itself has been able to stand the test of time as a professional organisation. 

Office of the Auditor General of Somalia (OAGS) has achieved a significant milestone by implementing a digital Contract Management System (CMS), representing a pivotal step toward promoting transparency, accountability, and operational efficiency across public institutions. As part of a broader public financial management reform agenda, the CMS signals Somalia’s commitment to modernising governance structures and aligns with the global drive to digitalise public sector oversight. This experience offers valuable lessons to other members of the International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (INTOSAI), particularly those in developing or fragile states where building transparent systems remains a pressing priority.

Classic financial audits arrive long after the money has moved. By the time ledgers are reconciled and reports are tabled, fraudulent transfers may be laundered beyond recovery. Government data, however, now travels through digital highways—treasury platforms, tax APIs, banking gateways, platforms, even the cloud —where each transaction leaves a time-stamped footprint. 

Tanzania is one of the East African countries vested with stunning landscapes, rich culture, and iconic tourist attractions. Tanzania’s economy is classified as lower-middle-income, with a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of around $75 billion US dollars. The economy is diverse, with agriculture, mining, and tourism being key contributors.  In recent years, Tanzania has made significant strides in infrastructure development, energy production, and social services, which have collectively bolstered economic growth. Despite these advancements, the country continues to grapple with challenges related to corruption and financial crimes.  The government has intensified efforts in combating these issues, corruption remains a significant impediment to development and poverty reduction. The country’s ranking on international anti-corruption indexes reflects ongoing challenges, with Transparency International placing Tanzania at 94th out of 180 countries in its Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) for 2023.

Real-time audits can complement and add to the scope of work undertaken by national, state and local audit organizations, providing timely insights and enhancing oversight and decision-making. As reflected in the INTOSAI Journal’s recent discussion of responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, real-time audits helped to track contracts, funding, and services. Against the backdrop of the pandemic as well as tracking government interventions after financial crises and responding to natural disaster recovery efforts, real-time auditing experience offers lessons learned about how Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs) can contribute to good governance and accountability for public funds.