{"id":43854,"date":"2026-09-21T12:23:50","date_gmt":"2026-09-21T16:23:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/journal-entry\/the-center-periphery-divide-performance-auditing-and-systems-thinking-in-costa-ricas-intermediate-cities\/"},"modified":"2026-10-15T11:01:49","modified_gmt":"2026-10-15T15:01:49","slug":"the-center-periphery-divide-performance-auditing-and-systems-thinking-in-costa-ricas-intermediate-cities","status":"publish","type":"journal-entry","link":"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/ar\/journal-entry\/the-center-periphery-divide-performance-auditing-and-systems-thinking-in-costa-ricas-intermediate-cities\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637: \u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f: \u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0648 \u063a\u0648\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0633<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064e\u0651 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0651\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 2024 \u06482025\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2024 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u062a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u064f\u0633\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a &#8211; \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0651\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a &#8211; \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2022 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2023. \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 6 \u06487 \u064811.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2025 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b (\u0625\u0630 \u0636\u0645\u0651 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629) \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 2023-2024. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0651\u0637\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0631\u064f\u0642<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0645\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0637\u0628\u0651\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0651 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 QGIS\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u060c \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0645\u064a &#8211; \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 R \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629. \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0651\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0651\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0647. \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 2020-2050 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a 11 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u064e\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0642\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637&#8221; \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0639\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0651\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong>\u0623. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621)<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a:<\/strong> \u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0648\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0643\u064a\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u063a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 14% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0631\u0628:<\/strong> \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0641\u0634\u0644\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0648\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0643\u064a\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0632\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629:<\/strong> \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0643\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0632 \u0632\u064a\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0632\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u064e\u0651 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u064e\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0632 \u0632\u064a\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0651\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1326\" height=\"880\" src=\"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_Wastewater_Nicoya.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-43107\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1326\" height=\"880\" src=\"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_PotableWater.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-43111\" srcset=\"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_PotableWater.png 1326w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_PotableWater-300x199.png 300w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_PotableWater-767x509.png 767w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_PotableWater-193x128.png 193w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_PotableWater-310x206.png 310w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_PotableWater-1024x680.png 1024w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_PotableWater-426x282.png 426w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_PotableWater-467x310.png 467w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_PotableWater-1320x876.png 1320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1326px) 100vw, 1326px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0632\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0633 (\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627)\u061b \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0627 (\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637)\u061b \u0648\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0633 (\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1326\" height=\"880\" src=\"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_SolidWasteCollection.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-43116\" srcset=\"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_SolidWasteCollection.png 1326w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_SolidWasteCollection-300x199.png 300w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_SolidWasteCollection-767x509.png 767w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_SolidWasteCollection-193x128.png 193w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_SolidWasteCollection-1024x680.png 1024w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_SolidWasteCollection-310x206.png 310w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_SolidWasteCollection-467x310.png 467w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_SolidWasteCollection-426x282.png 426w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_SolidWasteCollection-1320x876.png 1320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1326px) 100vw, 1326px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 (\u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631) \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u063a\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0632\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0633. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1326\" height=\"880\" src=\"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_electricity.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-43121\" srcset=\"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_electricity.png 1326w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_electricity-300x199.png 300w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_electricity-767x509.png 767w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_electricity-193x128.png 193w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_electricity-1024x680.png 1024w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_electricity-310x206.png 310w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_electricity-426x282.png 426w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_electricity-467x310.png 467w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_electricity-1320x876.png 1320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1326px) 100vw, 1326px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0633. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong>\u0628. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644)<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0651\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u0640\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0633)\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0651\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0633.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645:<\/strong> \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2025 \u0623\u0646\u064e\u0651 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0630\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0623\u063a\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0632\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0623\u0631\u063a\u0645\u062a \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0651\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0651\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1326\" height=\"880\" src=\"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_Mobility.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-43131\" srcset=\"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_Mobility.png 1326w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_Mobility-300x199.png 300w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_Mobility-767x509.png 767w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_Mobility-193x128.png 193w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_Mobility-310x206.png 310w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_Mobility-1024x680.png 1024w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_Mobility-467x310.png 467w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_Mobility-426x282.png 426w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_Mobility-1320x876.png 1320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1326px) 100vw, 1326px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a (\u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631) \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0627 (\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u063a\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0632\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0633. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1326\" height=\"880\" src=\"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_education.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-43136\" srcset=\"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_education.png 1326w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_education-300x199.png 300w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_education-767x509.png 767w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_education-193x128.png 193w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_education-1024x680.png 1024w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_education-310x206.png 310w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_education-467x310.png 467w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_education-426x282.png 426w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_education-1320x876.png 1320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1326px) 100vw, 1326px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a (\u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631) \u0623\u063a\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0632\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0643\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0633 (\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627 (\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1326\" height=\"880\" src=\"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_Healthcare.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-43126\" srcset=\"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_Healthcare.png 1326w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_Healthcare-300x199.png 300w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_Healthcare-767x509.png 767w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_Healthcare-193x128.png 193w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_Healthcare-1024x680.png 1024w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_Healthcare-310x206.png 310w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_Healthcare-467x310.png 467w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_Healthcare-426x282.png 426w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_Healthcare-1320x876.png 1320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1326px) 100vw, 1326px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0633 (\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631)\u060c \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0627 (\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627 (\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong>\u062c. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633):<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u064e\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0651\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0648\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0643\u064a\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u063a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0632 \u0632\u064a\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0642\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u061b \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0648\u0633\u060c \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a 4 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631:<\/strong> \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 4 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0634\u0644\u062a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0651\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1326\" height=\"880\" src=\"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_Telecom.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-43141\" srcset=\"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_Telecom.png 1326w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_Telecom-300x199.png 300w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_Telecom-767x509.png 767w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_Telecom-193x128.png 193w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_Telecom-1024x680.png 1024w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_Telecom-310x206.png 310w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_Telecom-467x310.png 467w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_Telecom-426x282.png 426w, https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica_Telecom-1320x876.png 1320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1326px) 100vw, 1326px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0632\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0633 (\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627 (\u0648\u0633\u0637)\u060c \u0648\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0627 (\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u064a<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 &#8211; \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0651\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 &#8211; \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0651\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0651\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 2020-2050. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0643\u0651\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u064e\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u064e\u0651 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0651\u0637\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0651\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 QGIS \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 R \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0646\u064e\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0651\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629. \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u064e\u0651 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0646\u0647\u062c\u0627\u064b \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u0651\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0632\u0648\u0651\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0635\u0651\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a: \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0635\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a: \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 R Studio) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 QGIS) \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f: \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u064a\u0646: \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 100 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 &#8211; \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u064a\u0646 &#8211; \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064e\u0651 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0651\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":483,"featured_media":43152,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"journal-categories":[4560],"content-tags":[3653,4246,897,1362,1449,1480,1552,1520,1665,1522,1450,1605],"country":[3052],"region":[2869],"section":[1749],"coauthors":[4551,4552,4553],"class_list":["post-43854","journal-entry","type-journal-entry","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","journal-categories-q3-2026","content-tags-audit-methodology-ar","content-tags-infrastructure-ar","content-tags-performance-audit-ar","content-tags-1362","content-tags-1449","content-tags-1480","content-tags-1552","content-tags-1520","content-tags-1665","content-tags-1522","content-tags-1450","content-tags-1605","country-costa-rica-ar","region-olacefs-de-ar","section-1749"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637: \u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 - INTOSAI Journal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/ar\/journal-entry\/the-center-periphery-divide-performance-auditing-and-systems-thinking-in-costa-ricas-intermediate-cities\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ar_AR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637: \u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 - INTOSAI Journal\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064e\u0651 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0651\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/ar\/journal-entry\/the-center-periphery-divide-performance-auditing-and-systems-thinking-in-costa-ricas-intermediate-cities\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"INTOSAI Journal\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-10-15T15:01:49+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica-12-1024x680.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"680\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@intosaijournal\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"9 minutes\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"Adriana Badilla Fuentes, Jos\u00e9 Roberto Gonz\u00e1lez Chaves, Laskmi Barrantes Ceciliano\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/intosaijournal.org\\\/ar\\\/journal-entry\\\/the-center-periphery-divide-performance-auditing-and-systems-thinking-in-costa-ricas-intermediate-cities\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/intosaijournal.org\\\/ar\\\/journal-entry\\\/the-center-periphery-divide-performance-auditing-and-systems-thinking-in-costa-ricas-intermediate-cities\\\/\",\"name\":\"\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637: \u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 - INTOSAI Journal\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.intosaijournal.org\\\/ar\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/intosaijournal.org\\\/ar\\\/journal-entry\\\/the-center-periphery-divide-performance-auditing-and-systems-thinking-in-costa-ricas-intermediate-cities\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/intosaijournal.org\\\/ar\\\/journal-entry\\\/the-center-periphery-divide-performance-auditing-and-systems-thinking-in-costa-ricas-intermediate-cities\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/intosaijournal.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/09\\\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica-12.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-09-21T16:23:50+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-10-15T15:01:49+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/intosaijournal.org\\\/ar\\\/journal-entry\\\/the-center-periphery-divide-performance-auditing-and-systems-thinking-in-costa-ricas-intermediate-cities\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"ar\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/intosaijournal.org\\\/ar\\\/journal-entry\\\/the-center-periphery-divide-performance-auditing-and-systems-thinking-in-costa-ricas-intermediate-cities\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ar\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/intosaijournal.org\\\/ar\\\/journal-entry\\\/the-center-periphery-divide-performance-auditing-and-systems-thinking-in-costa-ricas-intermediate-cities\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/intosaijournal.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/09\\\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica-12.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/intosaijournal.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/09\\\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica-12.png\",\"width\":1326,\"height\":880,\"caption\":\"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/intosaijournal.org\\\/ar\\\/journal-entry\\\/the-center-periphery-divide-performance-auditing-and-systems-thinking-in-costa-ricas-intermediate-cities\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.intosaijournal.org\\\/ar\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637: \u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.intosaijournal.org\\\/ar\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.intosaijournal.org\\\/ar\\\/\",\"name\":\"INTOSAI Journal\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.intosaijournal.org\\\/ar\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.intosaijournal.org\\\/ar\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"ar\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.intosaijournal.org\\\/ar\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"INTOSAI Journal\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.intosaijournal.org\\\/ar\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ar\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.intosaijournal.org\\\/ar\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/intosai.nclud.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/04\\\/logo.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/intosai.nclud.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/04\\\/logo.png\",\"width\":736,\"height\":122,\"caption\":\"INTOSAI Journal\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.intosaijournal.org\\\/ar\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/x.com\\\/intosaijournal\"]}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637: \u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 - INTOSAI Journal","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/ar\/journal-entry\/the-center-periphery-divide-performance-auditing-and-systems-thinking-in-costa-ricas-intermediate-cities\/","og_locale":"ar_AR","og_type":"article","og_title":"\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637: \u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 - INTOSAI Journal","og_description":"\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064e\u0651 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0651\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629.","og_url":"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/ar\/journal-entry\/the-center-periphery-divide-performance-auditing-and-systems-thinking-in-costa-ricas-intermediate-cities\/","og_site_name":"INTOSAI Journal","article_modified_time":"2026-10-15T15:01:49+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1024,"height":680,"url":"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica-12-1024x680.png","type":"image\/png"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_site":"@intosaijournal","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"9 minutes","Written by":"Adriana Badilla Fuentes, Jos\u00e9 Roberto Gonz\u00e1lez Chaves, Laskmi Barrantes Ceciliano"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/ar\/journal-entry\/the-center-periphery-divide-performance-auditing-and-systems-thinking-in-costa-ricas-intermediate-cities\/","url":"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/ar\/journal-entry\/the-center-periphery-divide-performance-auditing-and-systems-thinking-in-costa-ricas-intermediate-cities\/","name":"\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637: \u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 - INTOSAI Journal","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.intosaijournal.org\/ar\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/ar\/journal-entry\/the-center-periphery-divide-performance-auditing-and-systems-thinking-in-costa-ricas-intermediate-cities\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/ar\/journal-entry\/the-center-periphery-divide-performance-auditing-and-systems-thinking-in-costa-ricas-intermediate-cities\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica-12.png","datePublished":"2026-09-21T16:23:50+00:00","dateModified":"2026-10-15T15:01:49+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/ar\/journal-entry\/the-center-periphery-divide-performance-auditing-and-systems-thinking-in-costa-ricas-intermediate-cities\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"ar","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/ar\/journal-entry\/the-center-periphery-divide-performance-auditing-and-systems-thinking-in-costa-ricas-intermediate-cities\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"ar","@id":"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/ar\/journal-entry\/the-center-periphery-divide-performance-auditing-and-systems-thinking-in-costa-ricas-intermediate-cities\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica-12.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Q32026_The-Center-Periphery-Divide_CostaRica-12.png","width":1326,"height":880,"caption":"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/ar\/journal-entry\/the-center-periphery-divide-performance-auditing-and-systems-thinking-in-costa-ricas-intermediate-cities\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.intosaijournal.org\/ar\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637: \u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.intosaijournal.org\/ar\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.intosaijournal.org\/ar\/","name":"INTOSAI Journal","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.intosaijournal.org\/ar\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.intosaijournal.org\/ar\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"ar"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.intosaijournal.org\/ar\/#organization","name":"INTOSAI Journal","url":"https:\/\/www.intosaijournal.org\/ar\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"ar","@id":"https:\/\/www.intosaijournal.org\/ar\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/intosai.nclud.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/logo.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/intosai.nclud.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/logo.png","width":736,"height":122,"caption":"INTOSAI Journal"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.intosaijournal.org\/ar\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/x.com\/intosaijournal"]}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/journal-entry\/43854","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/journal-entry"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/journal-entry"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/483"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/journal-entry\/43854\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":44290,"href":"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/journal-entry\/43854\/revisions\/44290"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/43152"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=43854"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"journal-categories","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/journal-categories?post=43854"},{"taxonomy":"content-tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content-tags?post=43854"},{"taxonomy":"country","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/country?post=43854"},{"taxonomy":"region","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/region?post=43854"},{"taxonomy":"section","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/section?post=43854"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/intosaijournal.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=43854"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}